第三章 使役性动词（Causative Verb）

使役性动词，简称使动词，表明引起人或物的动作，而产生状态、位置、姿势、性质、特征或情感等方面的变化。这类动词是及物的，后面跟有宾语，分为：

A．普通型使动词（Common Causative Verb）

B．情感型使动词（Emotional Causative Verb）

C．行为型使动词（Act Causative Verb）

D．特征型使动词（ Characteristic Causative Verb）

现分别论述如后：

A．普通型使动词：

普通型使动词主要有 cause，make，let，get，set，have，keep，send，leave，start，stop等，特点是后面跟复合宾语，主要有四种类型：

（1）Causative V．＋sb．＋（to）do sth．

（2）Causative V．＋sb．＋doing sth．

（3）Causative V．＋sth．＋done

（4）Causative V．＋sb．／sth．＋adj．

下面分别阐述四种句型：

（1）Causative V．＋sb．＋（to）do sth．句型：

动词 cause，get，set，make，have，let等用于这一句型，表示“使”、“令”、“叫”、“请”、“让”等意思，要注意各自的被动形式。例如：

1）a．His foolishness caused me to lose my temper．

b．His foolishness made me lose my temper．

c．I was caused to lose my temper by his foolishness．（Bad English）

d．I was made to lose my temper by his foolishness．

（他的愚蠢使我大发雷霆。）

2）a．Frost caused the plant to die．

b．Frost made the plant die．（Better）

c．The plant was made to die by frost．

（霜把这棵植物冻死了。）

3）a．He caused the prisoner to be put to death．

b．He had the prisoner put to death．（Better）

（他将这个犯人处以死刑。）

4） a．I got him to go．

b．He was got to go．

（我把他弄走了）。

5）a．I have set the gardener to dig the vegetable garden．

b．The gardener has been set to dig the vegetable garden．

（我让园丁去挖菜园。）

6）a．I made him understand the problem．

b．He was made to understand the problem．

（我让他理解这个问题。）

7）a．I had him tell me about the matter．

b．He was had to tell me about the matter．（Impossible）

c．He was made to tell me about the matter．

（我让他给我讲这件事。）

8）a．We let him go．

b．He was let to go（Impossible）．

c．He was made to go．

d．He was allowed to go．

（我们让他去。）

动词 give表示“使”、“令”的概念，只用于 give sb． to understand句型中，例如：

9）a．He gave me to understand that he was right．

b．He made me understand that he was right．

c．I was given to understand that he was right．

d．I was made to understand that he was right．

（他使我明白他是对的。）

动词beg，request，implore用于这个句型中，表示“请求”、“恳求”、“乞求”的意思，例如：

10）a．He begged me not to leave．

b．I was begged not to leave．

（他求我不要离开。）

11）a．I requested them to stop making such a noise．

b．They were requested to stop making such a noise．

（我请他们停止发出这样的噪音。）

12）a．I implored him to help the child．

b．He was implored to help the child．

（我求他帮助这孩子。）

动词ask，invite表示“邀请”的意思，例如：

13）a．I asked him to come again．

b．He was asked to come again．

（我请他再来。）

14）a．We invited her to join our club．

b．She was invited to join our club．

（我们邀请她加入我们的俱乐部。）

动词force，compel，impel，oblige表示“强迫”、“逼迫”、“迫使”的意思，例如：

15）a．The landlord forced the farm hands to work hard．

b．The farm hands were forced to work hard by the landlord．

（这地主逼迫他的长工卖力干活。）

16）a．The heavy rain compelled us to stay indoors．

b．We were compelled to stay indoors by the heavy rain．

（大雨逼使我们呆在室内。）

17）a．Hunger impelled me to finish my work quickly．

b．I was impelled to finish my work quickly by hunger．

（肚子饿使我赶快结束工作。）

18）a．Your bad behaviour obliges me to dismiss you．

b．I'm obliged to dismiss you because of your bad behaviour．

（你的恶劣表现逼使我把你开除。）

19）a．They obliged him to sell his house in order to pay his debts．

b．He was obliged to sell his house in order to pay his debts．

（他们逼他卖房子还债）。

动词tell，order，command，instruct，direct表示“要求”、“命令”、“指令”、“指示”的意思，例如：

20）a．Mother told her children to get up early．

b．The children were told to get up early by their mother．

（妈妈叫孩子们早些起床。）

21）a．The officer ordered his men to fire the guns．

b．The officer ordered the guns to be fired．

c．The soldiers were ordered to fire the guns by their officer．

（那军官命令他的士兵开枪。）

22）a．The general commanded his soldiers to attack the city．

b．The soldiers were commanded to attack the city by their general．

（这将军下令他的士兵进攻这座城市。）

23）a．I instructed him to come to work earlier．

b．He was instructed to come to work earlier．

（我叫他早一点来上班。）

24）a．The officer directed his men to advance slowly．

b．The soldiers were directed to advance slowly by their officer．

（军官命令他的士兵稳步前进。）

动词press，urge表示“催促”、“敦促”、“怂恿”的意思，例如：

25）a．He pressed me to pay the debt．

b．I was pressed to pay the debt．

（他催我还债。）

26）a．He urged me to go at once．

b．I was urged to go at once．

（他催我马上走。）

27）a．They urged me to have another try．

b．I was urged to have another try．

（他们怂恿我再试一次。）

动词Challenge，dare表示“向…挑战”、“激使”的意思，例如：

28）a．The general challenged the enemy leader to fight．

b．The enemy leader was challenged to fight with the general．

（这位将军向敌人首领挑战，要决一高下。）

29）a．The difficulty challenges my mind to find an answer．

b．My mind is challenged to find an answer to the difficulty．

（这个困难激使我设法去应付。）

30）a．He dared me to jump over the stream．

b．I was dared to jump over the stream． （Impossible）

c．I was challenged to jump over the stream．

（他挑唆我跳过这小溪。）

动词advise表示“劝告”的意思，warn（sb．not to do sth．）表示“警告”的意思，例如：

31）a．The doctor advised me to take a good rest．

b．I was advised to take a good rest．

（医生要我好好休息。）

32）a．I warned the children not to swim in the river．

b．The children were warned not to swim in the river．

（我告诫孩子们不要到河里游泳。）

动词tempt，invite表示“引诱”、“诱使”的意思，例如：

33）a．The sight of the food tempted the hungry man to steal．

b．The hungry man was tempted to steal at the sight of the food．

（看见了食物，这饿汉不禁动了偷心。）

34）a．The calm water invited us to swim．

b．We were invited to swim in the calm water．

（平静的水诱使我们下去游泳。）

动词teach表示“教导”的意思，例如：

35）a．John taught his dog to shake hands．

b．John's dog was taught to shake hands．

（约翰教他的狗跟人握手。）

动词drive，spur，stimulate表示“推动”、“刺激”、“激发”的意思，例如：

36）a．Hunger drove John to steal．

b．John was driven by hunger to steal．

（饥饿使得约翰去偷。）

37）a．Pride spurred the man to fight．

b．The man was spurred by pride to fight．

（自尊激发这个人去战斗。）

38）a．Praise stimulated Mary to work hard．

b．Mary was stimulated by praise to work hard．

（赞扬激发玛丽努力工作。）

动词expect，intend，mean表示“期望”、“意图”、“打算”的意思，例如：

39）a．We expect you to come at seven this evening．

b．You are expected to come at seven this evening．

（我们希望你晚上七点来。）

40）a．We intend them to finish the work in two days'time．

b．They are intended to finish the work in two day's time．

（我们打算要他们两天内完成这工作。）

41）a．I didn't mean you to see and read the letter．

b．You weren't meant to see and read the letter．

（我原来没打算让你看这封信。）

动词encourage表示“鼓励”、“激励”的意思，例如：

42）a．They encouraged the children to paint pictures．

b．The children were encouraged to paint pictures．

（他们鼓励这些孩子画画。）